Not Just an Urban Problem: New Study Reports Higher Rate of Shootings by Police Across Suburbs and Rural Areas

Media coverage of shootings by police typically involve urban incidents, giving the impression that the issue is unique to cities. However, national data built from the Gun Violence Archive tells a different story, showing a higher rate of shootings by police in rural and suburban areas than in cities during 2015-2020. A new study opens in new tab/window in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine opens in new tab/window, published by Elsevier, reports on the first nationwide, descriptive analysis of where, how often, and under what circumstances individuals in the US are injured or killed in shootings by police in urban, suburban and rural areas.

Lead investigator Julie A. Ward, PhD, MN, RN, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Health, and Society and Public Policy Studies at Vanderbilt University, explains the underlying rationale for the study, "As a public health nurse, I have seen how physically and emotionally impactful fatal and nonfatal shootings can be. Experiences in times of crisis and in encounters with police carry a lot of weight in shaping personal and community feelings of safety, but the federal government doesn’t require policing agencies to report when officers shoot and injure someone. Before our study, existing research on shootings by police in nonurban areas was very limited. Our systematic examination of the circumstances of incidents across the urban to rural continuum brings to light an overlooked population health concern affecting how people experience public safety across large regions of the US.”

The study found that over the six years of data analyzed, 45% of shootings by police occurred in rural zip codes; 22% happened in suburban zip codes.

The findings also show that racial disparities exist across the urban-rural continuum. Black and Native American residents of urban areas were most disproportionately affected, but injury rates were also high among suburban Black residents, rural Black residents, and rural Native American residents. Nationally, these groups’ per capita rates of injury from shootings by police were three-to-five times higher than rates of injury among White residents living in the same rurality designation. Rates of injury to Hispanic residents of urban, suburban, and rural areas were nearly two times higher than non-Hispanic White residents’ rates of injury.

Dr. Ward notes, “This is an equity issue. Public safety should not just be a euphemism for policing. All residents should have access to services to help them stay safe and healthy, including in times of crisis.”

The most common types of policing encounters associated with the shootings were traffic stops, domestic violence events, shots-fired reports, attempts to serve warrants or complete arrests, and incidents involving behavioral health needs. Less than half of shootings in rural zip codes involved shots fired only by local police. Fifty-six percent of these shootings in rural areas involved shots fired by sheriffs’ offices, state police, other agencies, or multiple policing agencies.

Dr. Ward adds, “We often use ‘police’ as shorthand for agencies that engage in law enforcement and other policing activities. But this research makes it clear that if we only focus on improving accountability among local police departments, we will miss a big part of the picture experienced by nonurban residents. This suggests potential for wide-reaching prevention nationally if local and national responses include nonurban jurisdictions and nonurban police and sheriffs’ departments.”

She continues, “Over the past several years, we’ve seen huge growth in the national dialog around police use of force, police accountability systems, and alternative responses. A number of communities have introduced new dispatch services, dedicated behavioral health response teams, co-responder models, and other innovative approaches. To have a broad impact nationally, these potential improvements need to not only focus on urban areas or local police departments.”

Notes for editors

The article is “Characteristics of Injurious Shootings by Police Along the Urban–Rural Continuum,” by Julie A. Ward, PhD, MN, RN, Javier A. Cepeda, PhD, MPH, Dylan B. Jackson, PhD, MS, and Cassandra K. Crifasi, PhD, MPH (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2024.05.021 opens in new tab/window). It appears online in advance of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, volume 67, issue 4 (October 2024), published by Elsevier.

The article is openly available at https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(24)00180-6/fulltext opens in new tab/window.

Full text of this article is also available to credentialed journalists upon request; contact Jillian B. Morgan, MPH, at +1 734 936 1590 or [email protected] opens in new tab/window. Journalists wishing to interview the authors should contact Damon Maida, Associate Director of Media Relations, Communications & Marketing, Vanderbilt University, at [email protected] opens in new tab/window.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32-HD 094687) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA054521). Funding to support initial data collection and analysis was provided by New Venture Fund and Joyce Foundation. Additional funding was provided by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

About the American Journal of Preventive Medicine

The American Journal of Preventive Medicine opens in new tab/window is the official journal of the American College of Preventive Medicine opens in new tab/window and the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research opens in new tab/window. It publishes articles in the areas of prevention research, teaching, practice and policy. Original research is published on interventions aimed at the prevention of chronic and acute disease and the promotion of individual and community health. The journal features papers that address the primary and secondary prevention of important clinical, behavioral and public health issues such as injury and violence, infectious disease, women's health, smoking, sedentary behaviors and physical activity, nutrition, diabetes, obesity, and alcohol and drug abuse. Papers also address educational initiatives aimed at improving the ability of health professionals to provide effective clinical prevention and public health services. The journal also publishes official policy statements from the two co-sponsoring organizations, health services research pertinent to prevention and public health, review articles, media reviews, and editorials. www.ajpmonline.org opens in new tab/window

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