Storing Energy

with Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources

2nd Edition - January 18, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editor: Trevor Letcher
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 5 1 0 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 5 1 1 - 8

Storing Energy: With Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources, Second Edition has been fully revised and substantially extended to provide up-to-date and essential discussio… Read more

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Storing Energy: With Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources, Second Edition has been fully revised and substantially extended to provide up-to-date and essential discussion that will support the needs of the world’s future energy and climate change policies. New sections cover thermal energy storage, tidal storage, sustainability issues in relation to storing energy and impacts on global energy markets. Various systems are discussed, including mechanical/kinetic, thermal, electrochemical and other chemical, as well as other emerging technologies.

Incorporating advancements described in the book will help the people of the world further overcome the problems related to future energy and climate change.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section A. Introduction
1. Global warming, greenhouse gases, renewable energy, and storing energy
1. Introduction
2. Global warming and greenhouse gases
3. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
4. Renewable energy
5. Our present energy situation
6. The urgent need for storing energy
7. Conclusion
2. Energy storage options to balance renewable electricity systems
1. Introduction
2. The need for new types of storage
3. Storage technologies
4. Comparing storage systems
5. Challenges for energy storage
6. Conclusions
Section B. Gravitational/thermomechanical storage techniques
3. Pumped hydro storage (PHS)
1. Introduction
2. Storage cycles duration
3. Conventional arrangement types
4. Services provided by PHS plants
5. New arrangements for PHS
6. Pump-turbine types
7. World potential for PHS
8. Conclusion
4. Novel hydroelectric storage concepts
1. Introduction
2. High-density fluid PHES
3. Piston-in-cylinder electrical energy storage
4. Endpiece
5. Gravity energy storage systems
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Physics
4. The Gravitricity system
5. Technical characteristics
6. Levelized cost and comparison with other technologies
7. Market
8. Gravitricity technology development
6. Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
1. Introduction
2. CAES: modes of operation and basic principles
3. Air containments for CAES
4. System configurations and plant concepts
5. Thermal storage for CAES
6. Performance metrics for CAES
7. Integrating CAES with generation or consumption
8. Concluding remarks
7. Compressed air energy storage
1. Introduction
2. Mode of operation
3. Plant concept
4. Underground storages
8. Underwater compressed air energy storage
1. Introduction
2. Storage vessels for UWCAES
3. Anchorage and installation
4. System configurations
5. Locations
6. Cost and efficiency
7. Contrasting UWCAES with pure gravitational storage approaches in deep water
8. State of development
9. Concluding remarks
9. A novel pumped hydro combined with compressed air energy storage system
1. Introduction
2. Basic principles of PHCA system
3. Characteristics of PHCA system
4. A novel constant-pressure PHCA system
5. Storage density analysis
6. Thermodynamic analysis
7. Results
10. Liquid air energy storage
1. Introduction
2. Energy and exergy densities of liquid air
3. Liquid air as both a storage medium and an efficient working fluid
4. Applications of LAES through integration
5. Technical and economical comparison of LAES with other energy storage technologies
11. Flywheel energy storage
1. Introduction
2. Principles of operation
3. High-performance electric flywheel storage systems
4. Performance attributes in comparison with other electrical storage technologies
5. Current and future applications
6. Conclusion
12. Rechargeable lithium-ion battery systems
1. Introduction
2. Physical fundamentals of lithium-ion batteries
3. Development of lithium-ion battery storage systems
4. System integration
5. Conclusions
Section C. Electrochemical and electrical energy storage techniques
13. The road to potassium-ion batteries
1. Introduction
2. The evolution of modern batteries
3. Mechanisms of lithium-ion battery operations
4. Cathode chemistries
5. Electrolytes
6. Anode materials
7. Beyond cation intercalation chemistries
8. Perspectives
14. Lithium–sulfur battery: Generation 5 of battery energy storage systems
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of Li–S battery, challenges, and latest developments
3. Potential applications of lightweight Li–S battery: existing, emerging, and new avenues
4. Conclusion and outlook: custom-designed Li–S battery is on its way
15. Sodium–sulfur batteries
1. Introduction
2. Principles of Na–S batteries
3. Technical challenges
4. Cathode
5. Anodes
6. Electrolyte
7. Cell configuration
8. Conclusions and perspectives
16. All-solid-state batteries
1. Introduction
2. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs)
3. Interface in ASS-L/SIBs
4. Conclusion
17. Vanadium redox flow batteries
1. Introduction and historic development
2. The function of the VRFB
3. Electrolytes of VRFB
4. VRFB versus other battery types
5. Application of VRFB
6. Recycling, environment, safety, and availability
7. Other flow batteries
18. Supercapacitors
1. Introduction
2. Basics of charge storage
3. Historical evolution from capacitors to electrical double-layer capacitors
4. Models to explain electrical double layers
5. Evolution of electrode materials for supercapacitors
6. State-of-the-art energy storage technologies
7. Pseudocapacitive energy storage
8. Material requirements for achieving simultaneous high energy density at high power density
9. Electrochemical characterization techniques for supercapacitors
10. Energy storage devices
11. Applications of supercapacitors
12. Conclusions and challenges
19. Sensible thermal energy storage: diurnal and seasonal
1. Storing thermal energy
2. Design of the thermal storage and thermal stratification
3. Modeling of sensible heat storage
4. Second law analysis of thermal energy storage
5. Solar thermal energy storage systems
6. Thermal storage integrated with heat pumps
7. Cold thermal energy storage
8. Seasonal storage
9. Concluding remarks
Section D. Thermal storage techniques
20. Storing energy using molten salts
1. Introduction to molten salt thermal energy storage systems
2. Molten salt energy storage uses
3. Molten salts—a medium for heat transfer and heat storage
4. Molten salt thermal storage system
5. Reference plant examples
6. Conclusions and outlook
21. Pumped thermal energy storage
1. Introduction
2. Rankine PTES cycle
3. Brayton PTES cycle
4. Transcritical PTES cycle
5. Economics of PTES
22. Phase change materials
1. Introduction
2. Heat storage at subambient temperatures
3. Heat storage at ambient temperature
4. Heat storage at moderate temperatures
5. Heat storage at high temperatures
6. Heat transfer in PCM-based thermal storage systems
7. Gaps in knowledge
8. Outlook
23. Solar ponds
1. Introduction
2. Types of solar ponds
3. Investment and operational cost
4. Applications of solar ponds
24. Hydrogen from water electrolysis
1. Introduction
2. Hydrogen as an energy vector and basic principles of water electrolysis
3. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis
4. Strategies for storing energy in hydrogen
5. Technology demonstrations utilizing hydrogen as an energy storage medium
6. Emerging technologies and outlook
7. Conclusion
Section E. Chemical storage techniques
25. Power-to-Gas
1. Introduction
2. Dynamic electrolyzer operation as a core part of power-to-gas plants
3. The methanation processes within power-to-gas
4. Multifunctional applications of the power-to-gas system
5. Underground gas storage in the context of power-to-gas
26. Large-scale hydrogen storage
1. Hydrogen economy—from the original idea to the future concept
2. Why use hydrogen storage to compensate for fluctuating renewables?
3. Hydrogen in the chemical industry
4. Options for large-scale underground gas storage
5. Underground hydrogen storage in detail
27. Traditional bulk energy storage—coal and underground natural gas and oil storage
1. Introduction
2. Coal
3. Oil
4. Natural gas storage
5. Summary
28. Thermochemical energy storage
1. Introduction
2. Overview of thermochemical sorption energy storage
3. Overview of thermochemical energy storage without sorption
4. Hybrid thermochemical sorption energy storage
29. Energy storage integration
1. Introduction
2. Energy policy and markets
3. Energy storage planning
4. Energy storage operation
5. Demonstration projects
6. Integrated modeling approach
Section F. Integration
30. Off-grid energy storage
1. Introduction: the challenges of energy storage
2. Why is off-grid energy important?
3. Battery technologies and applications
4. Dealing with renewable variability
5. The emergence of mini- and microgrids
6. Energy storage in island contexts
7. Bring clean energy to the poor
8. The way forward: cost structure evolution
9. International examples
10. Conclusions
31. Energy storage worldwide
1. Introduction: the global energy storage market
2. Barriers to the development and deployment
3. Case studies
4. Lessons for the development of storage
5. Conclusions
Section G. International and marketing issues
32. Storing energy in China—an overview
1. Introduction
2. Imperativeness and applications
3. Technical and development status
4. Summary and prospects
5. Conclusions and remarks
33. Legislation, statutory instruments and licenses for storing energy in UK
1. Introduction
2. Low-carbon policy in the UK for storage
3. Electricity markets and storage: legislation, statutory instruments, codes, and licenses
4. Standards applicable to storage
5. Regulatory, legal, and market constraints that impact storage
6. Conclusions
34. Electricity markets and regulatory developments for storage in Brazil
1. Introduction
2. Electricity market developments in Brazil: past, present, and future
3. Regulation of Brazilian electricity market
4. Distributed renewable generation: current state-of-the-art
5. Electricity storage in Brazil
6. Discussing challenges
7. Conclusions
Index

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Storing Energy

with Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources

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Trevor Letcher

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