Description
The main function of the female genital (or reproductive) system is the development of female gametes (ova), the development of the fetus, and the secretion of hormones including estrogen and progesterone.
The female sex organs can be divided into the upper and the lower genital tracts. The upper tract consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina. The lower genital tract consists of the lower vagina and vulva.
The ovaries produce female sex hormones and allow for the development of the female gametes. Typically, on day 14 of the 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs, and the ovum is released into the peritoneal cavity. The fimbriae of the uterine tubes encircle the ovary and “capture” the released ovum. Once the ovum is in the uterine tube, it travels to the ampulla, the site of fertilization. Conversely, the sperm enter the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse and are transported through the vagina, cervix, and uterus before entering the uterine tube where it meets the ovum.
If fertilization occurs, the embryo is transported to the uterus where it undergoes implantation within the uterine wall and the fetus develops for approximately nine months.
If fertilization does not occur, the majority of the endometrial lining of the uterus is discharged as menses approximately two weeks after ovulation. This process marks the beginning of a new menstrual cycle.
