Permission request

For permission to reuse content which is not hosted on ScienceDirect please fill in the form through the link below.

Elsevier material may not be reproduced in combination with an artificial intelligence tool (including to train an algorithm, test, process, analyze, generate output and/or develop any form of artificial intelligence tool), or to create any derivative work and/or service (including resulting from the use of artificial intelligence tools).

For content hosted on ScienceDirect 在新的选项卡/窗口中打开 you can easily obtain permission through RightsLink. See our permission guidelines for more details.

Help and support

• ●

  For institutions or corporations who would like to purchase reprints of a journal articles please see our offprints information. 在新的选项卡/窗口中打开

• ●

  To obtain a copy of an article or to access full text articles please see our access options.

• ●

  For further details about how authors can share their journal article see our journal authors home.

• ●

  For disability requests please use our disability request form.在新的选项卡/窗口中打开